人民的廣場｜捷克利貝雷茨與奧洛穆茨編寫日期｜2026/1/20

在歐洲，每個都市都會有最少一個大廣場以供舉行慶祝活動或者作為周末市集，如果要與香港作比較的話，鄉下祠堂前空地也可以算作類似的場所，然而規模略顯細小；至於市區或新市鎮便沒有這種廣場了，僅能至稍為偏偶的公園或遊樂場才有這類型空間。今次我們離開曾經介紹的比利時，到達東歐的捷克尋訪兩個城市的廣場。

People’s squares｜Liberec and Olomouc of Czechia

In Europe, at least one public square is built in the town centre whatever it is a small town or large city, for annual observances or weekend market. If compare with Hong Kong,

我們首先來到位於捷克北面的利貝雷茨，她在文獻中首次出現的是1348年，然而捷克北部地區在十二世紀至1918年期間由波希米亞王國擁有，故德意志人 (die Deutschen) 是這個時期的主要人口。正因如此儘管捷克語也是那裡的流行語言，德語仍然是該市和波希米亞地區被歸入捷克斯洛伐克前的第一語言。自1579年以來紡織業被引入昔日被稱為賴興貝格(Reichenberg)的利貝雷茨，從此迅速成為蘇德台地區的中心。 這座城市在十九世紀末迅速發展，包括市政廳(Liberecká radnice)、北波希米亞博物館(Severočeské muzeum)和蕯爾達劇院(Divadlo Františka Xavera Šaldy)等幾座新的壯觀建築都在這期間以新文藝復興風格建造，這是十九世紀常見的建築風格。新市政廳位處利貝雷茨歷史中心的貝內什博士廣場(Náměstí Dr. Edvarda Beneše)，建於1888至93年之間由維也納建築師Franz Neumann設計， 捷克郵政局在2025年發行的一張小型張係繪畫在利貝雷茨貝內什博士廣場向北眺望的風光，可見前方的海王星噴泉的欄柵、市政廳與西邊的民居，不過郵政局並未明言這小型張是否會系列發行。 The souviner sheet issued by the Czech Post Office in 2025 is a painting of the scenery overlooking the north of Dr. Edvarda Beneše Square, which shows the railing of the Neptune Fountain in front of it, the City Hall and the houses in western of the square. However, Post Office did not say whether the souviner sheet would be released in series. 位置與建於1599至1603年的舊市政廳相對。由於他是Friedrich von Schmidt建築團隊的員工，而Friedrich von Schmidt也是奧地利著名建築師團隊和維也納市政廳(Wiener Rathaus)的設計師，不意外地兩座建築的風格極為相似。 蕯爾達劇院現在位於市政廳的對面，但在1893年舊市政廳被拆除為海王星噴泉(Neptunovy kašny)之前，舊市政廳位於這兩座新建築的中間。這座由Gustav Sachers設計的劇院於1883年9月29日開幕，並命名為賴希恩貝格劇院(Reichenberger Stadttheater)。從開幕直到1945年，只有德語劇目才能在劇院上演，劇院隨後在1957年更名為蕯爾達劇院，以紀念捷克文學評論家、記者和作家František Xaver Šalda逝世20週年。 我們離開利貝雷茨向捷克的東南面進發，跨越赫拉德茨－克拉洛韋州與帕爾杜比采州後來到奧洛穆茨州(Olomoucký)的首府奧洛穆茨，雖然仍處於捷克境內但其歷史卻與利貝雷茨截然不同。她在九世紀時間便屬於大摩拉維亞公國，這可算是歐洲第一個非帝國國家，然而這公國存在不多於一世紀便被瓜分，除一部分歸併入上方利貝雷茨所在的波希米亞外，也有不少地方是獨立成為東法蘭克王國，及後整個歐洲中部大部分地區才都由奧匈帝國所佔領。 奧洛穆茨很早期就已經是大摩拉維亞國的中心，至1641年才因為瑞典人的佔據失去這個地位給南方城市布爾洛(Brno)。然而其宗教歷史卻較為悠久，1063年便成立奧洛穆茨教區並在1777年升級為總教區，至今係捷克的兩個總教區之一。就在升級為總教區前不久，一場黑死病席卷摩拉維亞， 捷克斯洛伐克也曾經在1955年發行過奧洛穆茨城鎮廣場上聖三柱和市政廳的郵票，這郵票原圖係來自Cyril Bouda所繪畫的俯視圖。 A stamp of Olomouc Upper Square issued in 1955 by Czechoslovakia, the bird-eye view picture originally painted by Cyril Bouda. 幸而瘟疫僅維持兩年終告平息，事後自1716年開始花了40年時間在奧洛穆茨市中心城鎮廣場(Horní náměstí)建成一座由當地藝術家與工匠以巴洛克風格雕塑的聖三柱(Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice)作為紀念，也是捷克境內最具規模的巴洛克式建築，2000年以中歐巴洛克藝術高峰時期最優秀例子之一登錄為世界文化遺產。 聖三柱的背後是歷史更為悠久的市政廳(Olomoucká radnice)，原於1261年奧洛穆茨從普熱米斯爾．奧托卡二世授予城市權後得到興建，自1378年開始花了近20多年才完成木建築，惟1417年卻被燒毀，然後僅用了3年時間重建成現今的石建築及天文鐘。雖然市政廳在第二次世界大戰中損毀，在1955年以原貌收復重建。

a small open space outside ancestral hall of each traditional villages is same usage to European city public squares. However there is no such open space is planned or built in urban area or new towns of New Territories, the most similar open space mostly inside town parks or playgrounds. In this article, we leave Belgium where I often introduced, and arrive Eastern European country Czechia for two cities public square.

First we visit Liberec, a city on the northern Czechia, the place first seen in literature is 1348, however the area of northern Czechia was owned by Kingdom of Bohemia during 12th century to 1918, and Deutsche (die Deutschen) is the main population in this peroid. As a result before the city and Bohemia area under Czechoslovak Republic, German is the first language in there, although čeština also popular language. Since 1579, weaving industry introduced to Liberec, where formerly called Reichenberg, it quickly became a centre of Sudety.

The city quickly developed in late 19th centry, couple of new spectacular buildings like Town Hall (Liberecká radnice), The North Bohemian Museum (Severočeské muzeum) and F. X. Šalda Theater (Divadlo Františka Xavera Šaldy) are built in Neo-Renaissance style, a common architectural style in 19th century. The new Town Hall located in the the history town centre of Liberec, Dr. Edvarda Beneše Square (Náměstí Dr. Edvarda Beneše). It was design by the Viennese architect Franz Neumann, under construction in 1888-1893, the location was opposite to old Town Hall built in 1599–1603. As Franz Neumann also a staff of Friedrich von Schmidt, a famous architect team of Austria and designer of Vienna Town Hall (Wiener Rathaus), no surprisingly two buildings are similar of their style.

F. X. Šalda Theater is located opposite to the Town Hall nowadays, but before the old Town Hall demolished rebild to the Neptune Fountain (Neptunovy kašny) on 1893, the old Town Hall is in the middle of these two new buildings short period. This Gustav Sachers designed theater named as Reichenberg Town Theater (Reichenberger Stadttheater) grand opened on September 29, 1883. Until 1945, only German plays can be shown in the theater and renamed as F. X. Šalda Theater on 1957 to commemorate 20th anniversary of death of František Xaver Šalda, a literary critic, journalist and writer of Czechia.

We left Liberec and headed for the southeast of the Czechia, across Hradec Králové (Královéhradecký) and Pardubice (Pardubický), and arrive Olomouc, the capital of Olomouc (Olomoucký). Although its area still in Czechia, its history is completely different from that of Liberec. She belonged to the Principality of Great Moravia in the 9th century, which was the first non-empired country in Europe, unforuntaly the principality was divided in less than a century. In addition to part of its annexed to Bohemia, where Liberec was located; and also there were many places that became independent as the Kingdom of the East Franks. Later the whole of Middle Europe was occupied by the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Olomouc was the centre of the Great Moravia very early on, and it was not until 1641 that it lost its position to the southern city Brno because of the Swedish occupation. However its religious history is relatively long. The diocese of Olomouc was established in 1063 and upgraded to archdiocese in 1777. It is still one of the two dioceses in Czechia nowadays.

Holy Trinity Column and City Hall of Olomouc appeared personal issue in 2024, which are issed as definitive stamps every year, however this series is not based on architecture. Because of the postage rate, I also used morden postcard to arrange maxicard like other Czech stamps.

每年都以常用郵票名義印行的個人化版張在2024年出現了奧洛穆茨聖三柱及市政廳，這個系列並非以建築作主題。因為郵資結構關係，如其他捷克郵票一樣我也製作了現代片原圖片。

Shortly before it was upgraded to the archdiocese, a Black Death swept through Great Moravia. Fortunately, the plague lasted for only two years and finally sided down. After that, it took 40 years since 1716 to build a Baroque style sculpture by local artists and craftsmen in Olomouc Upper Square (Horní náměstí) as a memorial, the sculpture called Holy Trinity Column (Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice) is also the largest Baroque building in Czechia. In 2000, it was disignated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the most exceptional examples of the apogee of central European Baroque artistic expression.

Behind the Holy Trinity Column is the City Hall (Olomoucká radnice), which was originally built after Přemysl Otakar II granted the right to the city in 1261. It took nearly 20 years to complete the wooden building from 1378, but it was burned down in 1417, and then it took only three years to rebuild the current stone building and astronomical clock. Although the building was damaged in World War II, it was restored and rebuilt in 1955.

伸延閱讀｜
從根特開始｜探索比利時不同市鎮的中央廣場